Date	Science	Science Education	Technology
2,400,000BC			stone tools Homo habilis
500,000BC			fire Homo erectus
80,000 BC			Stone tools in southern Africa, including pear tips and harpoons
79,000BC			Stone lamps fueled with animal fat and moss/grass for wicks
50,000BC		Wall paintings as a way of documenting and passing on information (education)	bows and arrows and oil lamps
43,000 BC			Mining for hematite in present day Swaziland
28,000 BC			Mining for manganese ore in present day Zambia
20,000 BC			Ishango bone, earliest known mathematical tool near the shore of Lake Rutanzige/Edward
18000 BC			Agricultural science, cultivating cereal grains in Nile Valley Hand pollination to fertilize dates
9000BC	Livestock domesticated in Persia (Iran) and crops in Canaan (Israel)
6000 BC			Farming settlement in India, what and barley
5000BC			Sailing ships in Mesopotamia, mining and smelting of ores in Kemet, irrigation in Iraq, handtools
3000BC	3700 makeup for skin protection from sun and insects Imhotep: Physician, Architect, mathematician, astronomer, priest, scribe		Papyrus for writing, candles, sailing ships, metal mirrors, mining and processing iron in Kemet, sewers in Assyria
2800BC	2901 Tooth filling in Sumer 2700 Chinese Emperor Sheen develops acupuncture to relieve toothaches		Lunar calendar in Tigris-Euphrates, Solar 365 day calendar in Kemet 2680 Step pyramid by Imhotep
2600BC	Surgery in Kemet Smith papyrus for medical diagnosis and treatment	2500 Waset (thebes) University headquarters, teach 7 liberal arts, enrollment of 80,000 2300 book by Ptah-Hotep is written on moral instruction	2640 Si Ling-Chi Empress of China process to remove the thread from the cocoon and set up silk cultivation farms and the weaving of the new cloth
2000BC	Contraceptives in Kemet First Zoo in China Physicians form professional groups in Babylon and Syria Preshet, female physician	Rhind papyrus shows use of mathematical formula including p (2000 years before the birth of Pythagoras)	Quadratic equation in Mesopotamia Arithmetic in Babylonia
1800BC			fermentation in Tigris-Euphrates
1700BC			Kemetic priest Ahmes solving problems in arithmetic, algebra and geometry. 600BC Thales studies with priests and taught student Pythagoras
1550BC	Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus written in Kemet. Believed to be a copy of one from 2500BC "ebers papyrus" discovered in 1873 with 700 remedies and folk medicine for treatment of various ailments (pharmacology in Kemet) pharmacology again by Greek physician Pedanius Dioscordies 50BC		6 Step Scientific Method in Kemet, later given credit to Hippocrates in 400BC and Francis Bacon in 1605
1200BC			1200 iron smelting furnaces in west Africa 1187 Pentheselia Queen of Amazons develops battleaxe
700BC			Aqueducts & zoo in Assyria, sundials in Kemet (sundials in Greece in 520BC)
600BC			Proof of Pythagorean theorem in China, 640BC library at Ninevah, China fumigation to remove pests
500BC	dissection of a human cadaver, 500BC Greek physician Alcmaeon, occurred again in Italy in 1316AD under Mondino deLuzzi Anaximander’s (Gk philosopher) On nature introduced evolution		Agricultural practices in China not employed in the West until 18th century
400BC	350BC Aristotle classified animals into 500 species and 8 classes, named father of Zoology	'advanced schools' attributed to Plato 387BC called "Academy"	450 Kushite settlers in Kenya develop astronomical observatory Abacus by Herodotus
300BC			350 Kemetic engineers in Saqqara design an aeronautical glider with aerofoil shaped wings Euclid name father of geometry
1400AD	350 AD Tetracycline used in Sudan	University of Sankore at Timbuktu in Mali	1450 1st book printed on Johann Gutenburg's Printing Press 1451 1st concave lens
1500AD			1523 Earth circumnavigated by Ferdinana Magellan 1590 Zacharias Janssen first compound microscope, 1610 microscope used by Galileo for entomology, 1680 Leewenhoek accredited with 200x microscope
1600 AD	1665 Robert Hooke used term "cell" 1681 Last Dodo died 1682 Sexual reproduction in plants 1683 Bacteria discovered	1636 Harvard University 1647 the first law regulating education was inducted in Massachusetts. This law stated that if parents neglected to instruct their children, the state would take over the duty
1700AD	1711 Luigi Marsigli corals animals not plants 1735 Carolus Linnaeus system for classification of organisms (rejects notion of evolution in 1751) 1748 John Needham and Buffon "prove" spontaneous generation Charles Boonet firs uses term "evolution" 1785 Lazzaro Spallanzani artificial semination in dogs 1796 Smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner	1750 Start of American academies over European educational theory with Ben Franklin's Philadelphia Academy. Curriculum including surveying, navigation, agriculture and accounting	1716 Edmund Halley diving bell with air refreshment system 1749 Electricity by Ben Franklin
1800	1809 Jean Baptiste Lamarck accept evolution through inheritance of acquired characteristics	One room schoolhouse	1820 natural fertilizer (guano) used in Europe
1830AD-1840AD	1832 Jeanne Villepreux-Power first to create and use aquariums for experimentation in aquatic environments 1838 protein named	1842 Formation of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) focused on research and uniform curricula	1838, 1839, 1860 Schleiden and Schwann & Virchow independently formulate cell theory 1838 Morse code 1843 Vulcanized rubber (soft, pliable, unaffected by temperature)
1860AD	1861 Archaeopteryx fossil found 1865 Pasteur’s germ theory & pasteurization, antiseptic surgery instituted 1865 Mendelian genetics published 1869 Johann Miescher found DNA in white blood cells 1859 Charles Darwin On the origin of a species, theory of natural selection mirrored by Wallace	Edward Livingston Youmans, Thomas Huxley, Herbert Spencer: arguments in favor of science education over classical education that arose in the Middle Ages Spencer supporting discovery learning	1868 Georges Leclanche zinc carbon battery, precursor to the dry cell 1869 Ferdinand de Lesseps, Suez canal linking Mediterranean and Red seas
1870AD	1874 Karl von Nageli competition in plants, ignored until 1920’s 1872 Russian Maria Manasseina discovered cell-free fermentation a generation earlier than Buchner	Pestalozzi's (non-US) object lessons becoming and early form of science ed in elementary schools. Concepts introduced through study of natural objects	1872 HMS Challenger descends 6000m below sea level and finds life there 1876 Karl Gottfried von Linde first practical refrigerator 1879 Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan produce carbon-thread electric lamps that burn for extended periods of time
1880AD	Robert Koch uses solid cultures for microbes 1884 Hans Christian Gram develops Gram stain 1886 nitrogen fixing bacteria	Public High Schools taking place of academies	1881 Frederick Ives, 1st colored photograph Etienne-Jules Marey develops a precursor of motion picture camera used to study animal locomotion
1890AD	1892 first known instance of a virus&endash;mosaic disease 1896 Antoine Becquerel discovers radioactivity Nettie Stephens determined that the X and Y chromosomes determine gender.	Committee of Ten: to make college entrance requirements more uniform. Recommended 20-25% of secondary program dedicated to science. 9 conferences (3 science) on major areas of curriculum 1892	1890 1st person electrocuted in electric chair 1892 William Burroughs addicting/subtracting machine 1895 X-rays
1900AD	1900 Blood Types distinguished 1900 Mutations suggested 1902 1st hormone secretin discovered 1902 First documentation of children exhibiting inattentiveness, impulsivity and hyperactivity, later becomes known as ADD/ADHD	Johann Friedrich Herbert supports prior experiences and inductive (discovery) learning 1904 Mary McLeod Bethune opens the Daytona Literary and Industrial School, the first "Training School" for African-American girls	1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright and 1st airplane
1910AD	1911 First genetic map for Drosophila by Americans Thomas Hunt Morgan & Alfred Henry Sturtevant 1912 vitamins suggested Charles Henry Turner was the first researcher to prove that insects can hear and can also distinguish pitch. His research determined that roaches can learn by trial and error. Elizabeth Knight Britton is credited with being the first person to suggest the establishment of the New York Botanical Gardens.	1900-1930's Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education: science ed should reflect interest of students 1909 Maria Montessori 1916 John Dewey Democracy and Education outlines the social role of education, both formal and informal, as the transmitter and bearer of a society's identity through the preparation of youth for adult society. Behaviorism: Ivan Pavlov , John Watson, and B. F. Skinner	1912 continental drift suggested by Wegner 1916 General Theory of Relativity, black hole concept suggested
1920AD	1924 Australopithecene skull found 1928 penicillin's discovery (later use in 1939) George Washington Carver worked with agricultural products developed industrial applications from farm products, called chemurgy Ernest Everette Just works on the subjects of fertilization, experimental parthenogenesis, hydration, cell division, dehydration in living cells, the effect of ultra violet rays in increasing chromosome number in animals and in altering the organization of the egg with special reference to polarity.	"Progressive Era" /"Progressive Education Movement" in American Education: child centered, real world application, social importance of knowledge, learning enjoyable and meaningful: 1917~1957, 1890~1930, 1930~1950 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial (TN) on teaching of evolution in the classroom, later revisited in Kansas and other states	1920 US Army officer John T Thompson patents submachine "tommy" gun 1921 cultured pearls 1926 The Jazz Singer, first talking motion picture 1928 Fm radio introduced, W.A. Morrison and quartz-crystal clock
1930	1934 Barbara McClintock showed translocation of genes, ignored until the 1970’s Lloyd Hall is responsible for the meat curing products, seasonings, emulsions, bakery products, antioxidants, protein hydrolysates, and many other products that keep our food fresh and flavorable	John Dewey (1859-1952), an American philosopher and educator, Repudiated the current authoritarian teaching techniques and worked to change pedagogical methods and curricula. Lev Vygotsky proposed a theory of cognitive development that emphasized the underlying process rather than the ultimate stage of development. sociocultural theory of development that focuses on the "zone of proximal development." 1933 Televised courses from the State University of Iowa	1937 Vaccine against yellow fever, electrophoresis developed 1938 1st practical TV camera
1940AD	1942 DDT produced and used commercially in the US William Agustus Hinton is responsible for the Hinton test for syphilis, which was found to be as effective and, in some respects, superior to the Wasserman test. Dr. Hinton was responsible for the discovery of the Davies-Hinton test of blood and spinal fluid. 1942 Charles Richard Drew is responsible for organizing the concept of the Blood Bank. Dr. Drew researched in blood plasma for transfusion due to longer life of the blood with cells removed (plasma) 1949 APGAR test by Virginia Apgar	1944 Founding of NSTA   1946 The University of South Africa begins a nationwide distance education program	1941 work commences on atomic bomb in the US 1947 first microwave cooker goes on sale 1948 George deMestral invents Velcro 1948 Auguste Piccard descend 10740m in a bathyscapthe to the Marianas Trench 1949 General Mills & Pillsbury prepared cake mixes
1950AD	1950 Stem cell transplants (unsuccessful) in France 1953 DNAdouble helix found by James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin 1956 tRNA & ribosomes,1954 the pill by American Gregory Goodwin Pincus 1959 Dr. Samuel L. Kountz participated in the first West Coast kidney transplant in 1959. Prior to the development of Kountz's technique of detecting and treating rejection of transplanted kidneys, less than five per cent of the transplant patients survived for more than two years.	1950-1970 Golden Age of Science Education: Federal Investment and grants in education 1950 The Ford Foundation begins offering grants to develop televised educational programs 1954 Brown vs Board of Education 1956 Benjamin Bloom created this taxonomy for categorizing level of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings.	1950 Diner’s Club card, first credit card, commercial color TV 1950National Science Foundation (NSF) to address shortages in science and engineering, and student and teacher science preparation 1955 birth of stars witnessed 1957 Sputnik, Soviets on the moon. The perceived concern was with the nation's inability to prepare scientists and engineers to meet the challenge of the space age 1958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military later becomes Internet's base protocol, TCP/IP
1960AD	1968 Discovery of restriction enzymes 1969 artificial heart, implanted by American Denton Cooley, designed by Domongo Liotta Dorothy McClendon prevents microorganisms from contaminating the fuel and deteriorating military storage material	Jean Piaget gains acclaim in the US (1896-1980), a Swiss-born professor of psychology and sociology, devoted his life to the question, How does knowledge grow? Piaget concluded that humans learn through the construction of progressively complex logical structures, from infancy through to adulthood. 1961 Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist, influenced by Piaget's research on child development, Bruner proposed a cognitive development theory that emphasizes the student's active role in the learning process Ausubel has examined the relationship between the process of meaningful learning and a learner's existing cognitive structure. Influenced by Piaget's framework of stages of cognitive development, Ausubel maintains that learning takes place through an interaction between new materials and relevant prior knowledge that exists within the learner's cognitive structure. 1961 McDonalds starts first corporate University Project Head Start war on poverty 1964 Civil Rights Act 1968 The University of Nebraska-Lincoln's Independent Study High School becomes the first university-based correspondence school to offer an accredited high school diploma	1961 1st human in space 1962 Silent Spring by Rachel Carson 1968 supertankers for transporting petroleum 1969 Scanning electron microscope reaches practical use 1969 1st humans on the moon
1970AD	1973 genetic engineering with American Stanley H Cohen, Herbert W Boyer , 1972 punctuated equilibrium Stephen Jay Gould & Niles Elderdge , DDT restricted due to biological magnification, EPA and Earthday established demonstrating environmental awareness 1975 Emmett Chappelle and Grace Picciolo have developed method for immediate detection of bacteria in water. This has led to research in dealing with speedy diagnosis of urinary infections and follow-up work testing effect of various antibiotics on particular infections. 1977 deep sea vents, Australopithecene "Lucy" American Donald Johanson, Last case of smallpox, in Somalia, first case of AIDS in NYC, 40,000 ice mammoth discovered, 1978 First testtube baby born, Oncogenes American Robert A Weinberg, SV40 viral genome	1970's Affirmative Action 1970 Ray Rists: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto Education 1977-1983:Back to Basics: schools need to attend to basic skills of reading, mathematics and communication, science takes a back seat	1971 Direct phone dialing between US and Europe, 1st microprocessor (chip) by Intel, 1st pocket calculator 1972 First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA 1973 push through tab on soft drinks & beer cans 1973 First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London 1975 Altair 8800, 1st pc in kit form 1976 Supersonic Concorder airliner with passenger service 1977: Apple II first pc in assembled form 1977 ALVIN Submersible descends 2500m to geothermal vents. First evidence of organisms that produce energy without the sun
1980AD	1980 US Supreme Court allows patent for GE bioremediation microbe 1981 1st commercial use of product of engineering insulin from bacteria 1982 transgenic mice 1984 Alec Jeffreys genetic fingerprinting, Steen A Willadsen cloned sheep 1987 Benjamin Carson successfully separates Siamese Twins	1980 Madeline Hunter and Hunter Model Constructivism 1983 Howard Gardner publishes Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences 1989 Nation at Risk: Students required to have 3 years of science and 25% lab experiences Project 2061 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Wrote Science for All Americans and Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy to promote scientific literacy. New Designs for Elementary School Science and Health International Business Machines (IBM) and the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) to integrate a curriculum framework for elementary science and health, an instructional model for contemporary elementary school science and the integration of technology and elementary school science and health. l989, the Association for Multicultural Science Education (AMSE) was founded	1981 IBM pc introduced 1982 CD players introduced 1984 Foundation of SETI (Search form Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) 1985 Hole in ozone layer detected 1986 Haley’s Comet, to return in 2061 1987 US Patent and Trademark office to extend patents to animals 1987 gene guns to fire genetic material directly into cells 1988 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill movies and media preoccupied with global nuclear war and holocaust
1990AD	1990 Mary Claire King found the location of the breast cancer predisposition gene 1992 Sachromyces cervisiae genome identifed 1998 James Thomson successfully isolated and cultured human embryonic stem cells 1998 Viagra approved by FDA	1993 Project 2061 had gone on to develop Benchmarks for Science Literacy   1993 Access Excellence is national educational program that provides high school biology and life science teachers access to their colleagues, scientists, and critical sources of new scientific information via the World Wide Web. 1995 Regent University offers the first online Ph.D. in Communication 1999 The U.S. Department of Education establishes the Distance Learning Education Demonstration Program which will serve as a pilot program of 15 post-secondary schools, systems and consortia permitted to offer federal financial aid for distance learning programs. 1999 Kansas State Board of Education eliminates evolution from the curriculum	1990 President Bush funded "Decade of the Brain" 1991 World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN   1996 NASA finds fossils on meteor from Mars movies and media focus on catastrophic Armageddon and alien invasion
2000 AD	2000 Human Genome Project Completed

Science Bibliography

Asimov, Issac. 1989 Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. New York: Harper and Row

Hellemans, Alexander and Bryan Bunch. 1988. The timetables of Science: A chronology of the most important people and events in the history of science. Simon and Schuster. New York :NY

Lee, David. 2001. Marks in the Evolution of Western Thinking about Nature. http://www.sciencetimeline.net/

Owusu, O.K. 1994. Origins: Timechart of World Civilizations. Cultural Eye Productions.

Pledge, Humphry Thomas. Science Since 1500: A short history of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology. Gloucester, Mass:L P. Smith

The History of Science and Technology: a narrative chronology. 1988. New York, NY

Van Sertima, Ivan. 1994. Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. Journal of African Civilizations Ltd., Inc

Warren, Wini. 1999. Black Women Scientists in the United States. Indiana University Press. Bloomington:IN.

Woods, Geraldine. 1988. Science in Ancient Egypt. Franklin Watts.

Science Education Bibliography

DeBoer, George E. 1991. A History of Ideas in Science Education: Implications for Practice. Teachers College Press:New York NY

Gallery of Educational Theorists http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Gallery.html

Hassard, Jack. Minds On Science Online. http://scied.gsu.edu/Hassard/mos/chapter_3.htm

History of Science Education and Childhood http://www.socsci.kun.nl/ped/whp/histeduc/index2.html

History of Education: Selected Moments of the 20^th Century http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/

International Bureau of Education: Thinkers on Education http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/Publications/Thinkers/thinhome.htm

Moore, M.G., & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance Education: A Systems View. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Unger, Harlow G. 1996. Encyclopedia of American Education. Facts on File, Inc. New York: NY

Technology Bibliography

Mount, Ellis and Barbara A. List. 1978. Milestones in Science and Technology: the ready Reference Guide to Discoveries, Inventions, and Facts. Oryx press. Phoenix: AZ.

The History of Science and Technology: a narrative chronology. 1988. New York, NY

Zakon, Robert H. 2001 Hobbes' Internet Timeline. http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/